祁连山东段降水的水化学特征及离子来源研究

我国西北地区深处内陆,水汽经过长距离输送才可以到达,降水量少且变率大,与季风区降水有很大不同.运用因子分析法、富集因子法、后向轨迹分析法,对2013-05-01~2014-07-11连续收集的降水主要离子进行分析,研究了祁连山东段降水的水化学特征及离子来源.结果表明,祁连山东段降水电导率值的变化范围在29.20~892.00μS·cm-1之间,p H值在7.02~8.89之间,降水电导率受碱性元素控制,为弱碱性水;降水中阳离子浓度大小排序为Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Na~+NH_4~+K~+,阴离子浓度大小排序为SO_4~(2-)Cl-NO_3~-,降水为SO_4~(2-)-Ca~(2+)型;降水中K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、NH+4、Cl-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)浓度在秋季最高,Na+浓度在冬季最高;降水中的Na+和Cl-主要是海源贡献,但Na+在冬季也有陆源贡献,Cl~-在秋季有人为源的影响,K+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)主要是陆源贡献,Mg~(2+)在冬季有人为源的影响,NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)主要是人为源的贡献;降水中离子来源的水汽输送有西北、北方、北方+东南、西北+东南、西北+西南、西北+北方+东南路径,其中西北路径是最主要来源.祁连山降水中海源离子通过西风环流和季风环流长距离输送,陆源离子主要由中亚、新疆、蒙古高原的沙漠和戈壁提供,人为源离子主要与各路径上的城市污染和绿洲工、农业生产有关,而降水中离子含量多少受各天气系统的强弱变化影响.     

秦岭生态补偿理论研究与实践进展

生态补偿是通过经济手段促进生态保护与受益地区利益共享的制度设计,是促进我国生态文明建设的重要举措。秦岭是我国重点生态功能区,国家重要的生态安全屏障。生态补偿作为协调秦岭地区生态环境保护和社会经济发展的制度安排,有助于推动该区生态环境的保护与可持续利用,对实现秦岭地区社会经济可持续发展、促进人与自然和谐共生具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了秦岭生态补偿相关理论研究与实践,主要包括秦岭在区域调水、森林生态效益、生物多样性保护、矿产资源开发等方面的生态补偿研究,以及秦岭生态补偿相关政策法规制定、南水北调、退耕还林（草）以及生态移民搬迁等具体生态保护工程补偿实践,并从补偿对象、补偿标准、公众参与、补偿方式几个角度探讨了秦岭生态补偿存在的问题,提出了秦岭生态补偿研究的建议与对策。     

恢复力视角下秦岭贫困山区乡村振兴潜力研究

恢复力概念为秦岭贫困山区乡村发展研究提供了新的视角,从恢复力视角研究乡村振兴潜力,对于提高贫困山区乡村内生发展动力、实现乡村有效振兴具有重要意义。以秦岭贫困山区商洛市为案例,在理论构建的基础上,建立贫困山区乡村恢复力评价体系测度恢复力指数,采用空间主成分分析法识别恢复力关键影响因素,据此提出三区县乡村振兴潜力类型分类。研究结果表明：（1）商洛市三个区县各镇办的恢复力指数呈集聚分布态势,恢复力整体上处于偏低水平状态。（2）环境因素、经济因素对乡村社区恢复力起到决定作用。（3）三区县乡村振兴潜力可分为四种类型：均衡发展潜力区、农业主导潜力区、农业旅游兼营潜力区和地理环境限制潜力区,根据其资源禀赋和现状发展条件提出针对性的乡村振兴策略。     

多重资本驱动下西安市秦岭北麓S村的空间生产与收缩——基于布尔迪厄理论的管窥

引入布尔迪厄的资本理论,构建多重资本概念模型;以西安市秦岭北麓S村为例,对其在不同类型资本综合影响下的空间生产与收缩过程及机制进行质性研究和可视化分析。结果表明：（1）经济资本的三级循环推动S村物质空间商品化程度不断加深,商户金融资本的差异造成村内经济阶层分化与空间分异,外来经济资本的进入则易诱致社会风险。（2）新生的业缘关系与亲缘、地缘关系交织而成的社会网络等结构性社会资本的变化,引致S村社会空间的混杂和地方认同的分化;社会信任等认知性社会资本的下降造成村民交往空间的内移,并促成新的空间治理秩序。（3）商户个人品味等身体化文化资本创造出多样化的文化空间,政府赋予村庄的集体称号等制度化文化资本推动形成农家乐专业村品牌。（4）元资本主导下,村内三大旅游项目被拆除,S村由空间持续再生产转向空间收缩。（5）自然垄断地租、小规模集体行动优势、元资本的间接调控与直接影响以及双重锁定效应,共同构成S村空间生产与收缩的机制。     

中国南北过渡带生态系统碳储量时空变化及动态模拟

山地是全球变化的敏感地带,对生态安全与发展具有重要作用,山地生态系统服务变化和生态环境承载力是地理学与生态学的研究热点。以中国南北过渡带的主体秦巴山地为研究对象,采用CA-Markov模型与InVEST模型模拟和预测（2000—2040年）不同土地利用情景下秦巴山地生态系统碳储量变化,运用热点分析（Getis-Ord G_i^*）探讨秦巴山地生态系统碳储量的空间分布差异。结果表明：（1）2000—2040年,研究区土地利用/土地覆被变化主要是耕地、林地、草地和建设用地。（2）2000—2020年,碳储量增加1.12×10⁷ t;2020—2040年自然增长情景下,碳储量损失剧烈,减少50.24×10⁷ t;生态保护情景下,碳损失幅度明显变弱,减少29.52×10⁷ t,说明采取生态环境保护政策,能够有效控制碳储量减少。（3）土地利用/土地覆被与生态系统碳储量的变化呈现显著的一致性,土地利用数量变化决定了生态系统碳储量的质量和空间分布格局。（4）随着海拔抬升,碳储量呈现出“先增后减”的趋势;随着坡度升高,碳储量呈现出“W”型变化趋势。（5）热点分析结果显示,2000—2020年间,碳储量热点区和冷点区零散分布在研究区内;2040年自然增长情景下,碳储量冷热点分布范围有逐渐变大的趋势;2040年生态保护情景较2020年,秦巴山地生态系统碳储量的冷热点分布范围整体变化不大。     

四姑娘山国家级自然保护区岷江冷杉枯落物及土壤的持水能力研究

通过对四姑娘山国家级自然保护区岷江冷杉林地表土壤和林下枯落物的实验分析,得出四姑娘山自然保护区岷江冷杉林0～40cm深度的土壤层最大贮水量为1694.8 t/hm2,林下枯落物最大持水量为233 t/hm2。四姑娘山自然保护区岷江冷杉林土壤及枯落物持水的最大值为1927.8 t/hm2。     

Reliability of a Higher-Taxon Approach to Richness, Rarity, and Composition Assessments at the Local Scale

Abstract:  A promising shortcut for quantifying species patterns is to use genera and families as surrogates of species. At large spatial scales, concurrence between patterns of richness, rarity, and composition of species and higher taxa is generally high. Only a few researchers, however, have examined this relationship at the local scale, which is frequently the relevant scale in land-use conflicts. We investigated the reliability of the higher-taxon approach in assessing patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition at the local scale. We studied diversity patterns of three commonly used surrogate taxa: vascular plants, ground-dwelling beetles, and moths. We conducted year-round field surveys for these taxa in the Jerusalem Mountains and the Judean foothills, Israel. Richness and composition of species were highly correlated with richness and composition of genera for all taxa. At the family level, correlations with richness and composition of species were much lower. Excluding monotypic genera and families did not affect these relations. Rarity representation based on higher taxa varied considerably depending on the taxon, and rarity scale and was weaker compared with richness and composition representation. Cumulative richness curves of species and genera showed similar patterns, leveling off at equivalent sampling efforts. Genus-level assessments were a reliable surrogate for local patterns of species richness, rarity, and composition, but family-level assessments performed poorly. The advantage of using coarse taxonomic scales in local diversity surveys is that it may decrease identification time and the need for experts, but it will not reduce sampling effort.     

Stricter Ozone Ambient Air Quality Standard Has Beneficial Effect on Ponderosa Pine in California

Ambient air quality standards and control strategies are implemented to protect humans and vegetation from adverse effects. We used a process-based tree-growth model (TREGRO) to show that over the past 37 years, changes in O₃ exposure, with accompanying variation in climate, are reflected in changes in the growth of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. in the San Bernardino Mountains near Los Angeles, California, USA. Despite variation in temperature and precipitation over the study period (1963–1999), O₃ exposure consistently reduced simulated tree growth. Simulated growth reductions increased concurrent with increasing O₃ exposure. The maximum growth reduction occurred in 1979. As O₃ exposures decreased during the 1980s and 1990s, effects on growth also decreased. This implies that emission control strategies taken to reduce exposures to attain O₃ standards benefited P. ponderosa growth in the San Bernardino Mountains. This modeling approach provides a powerful tool for solving the difficult problem of evaluating regulatory effectiveness by simulating plant response using long-term climate and air pollution exposure records for a given region.Phone 541 754-4621 Fax 541 754-4799     

近43年来小兴安岭及周边地区的气候变化特征

利用黑龙江省的逐日气象资料,对过去43年中的小兴安岭及周边地区的气候变化特征进行了分析,并与黑龙江全省的情况进行了比较.结果表明:该地区的气候变化特征与黑龙江全省基本一致,气候特征的季节性变化比较明显,同时小兴安岭地区的气候变化对周边地区产生了一定的影响.全省范围内气温均呈变暖趋势,小兴安岭最低气温的升高对其周边地区有一定的拉动作用全省以及小兴安岭及其周边地区年降水量出现较大波动的同时,降水越来越集中,且小兴安岭及其周边地区的水分条件要好于全省的平均水平.     

The future of food security in the Three Areas of Sudan

Currently, the pace of recovery in the 'Three Areas' is moving faster than the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). This gap is leading to greater imbalances in income, unsustainable urbanization, overexploitation of the environment and resource based conflict. Unless regulated, the likely result will be chronic poverty and an undermining of the success of the CPA. Agencies must be mindful of how they provide assistance so that they support the CPA. The analysis of food security should take place in the context of a larger political, social and economic analysis of the emerging situation. The least developed areas should be prioritised and interventions should provide benefits to the full range of socioeconomic groups. WFP must identify its role in the wider and integrated response. It should support the emerging peace process and the key reforms. If WFP chooses to consolidate its activities, it will require capable strategic partners. If it chooses to invest more in building the capacity of government and community structures, it must improve its skill base and field presence